Fig. 2

Diagram of major medications for symptomatic therapy in dystonia classified by their neurotransmitter systems. The corresponding bars show starting doses, titration doses (amount to increase with each titration period), usual therapeutic doses, our recommended maximum doses in clincial practice and ceiling doses. Of note, the bars do not represent the acutal scales. The table summarizes dosage forms, dosing, side effects, caution and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) pregnancy category of each medication. Levodopa is not included here as its major role in dystonia is for etiology-specific therapy as mentioned in Table 2 and the text. Abbreviations: mg, milligram; TID, three times a day; BID, two times a day