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Table 1 The list of “red flags” that should alert the physician about PD patient’s fitness to drive

From: Physicians’ role in the determination of fitness to drive in patients with Parkinson’s disease: systematic review of the assessment tools and a call for national guidelines

Methods

Red flags

1. Clinical history

• History of car accident (during the past 5 years)

• Presence of sleep attacks while driving

• High daily levodopa equivalent dosage ≥ 585 mg

• Long disease duration ≥ 8 years

2. Questionnaire

• High Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS score ≥ 10)

3. Motor assessment

• High H&Y score ≥ 2.5 points

• High UPDRS motor score > 27 points

• High rapid pace walk score ≥ 6.22 points

• High Webster’s scale

4. Cognitive assessment

• Low MMSE score < 27 points or low MOCA score

• Poor performance on Trail A&B making test

• Poor performance on complex figure test

• Poor performance on block design test

• Poor performance on dot cancellation test

5. Visual assessment

• High UFOV risk index ≥ 3

• Poor performance on Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity

• Poor visual acuity