Methods | Red flags |
---|---|
1. Clinical history | • History of car accident (during the past 5 years) |
• Presence of sleep attacks while driving | |
• High daily levodopa equivalent dosage ≥ 585 mg | |
• Long disease duration ≥ 8 years | |
2. Questionnaire | • High Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS score ≥ 10) |
3. Motor assessment | • High H&Y score ≥ 2.5 points |
• High UPDRS motor score > 27 points | |
• High rapid pace walk score ≥ 6.22 points | |
• High Webster’s scale | |
4. Cognitive assessment | • Low MMSE score < 27 points or low MOCA score |
• Poor performance on Trail A&B making test | |
• Poor performance on complex figure test | |
• Poor performance on block design test | |
• Poor performance on dot cancellation test | |
5. Visual assessment | • High UFOV risk index ≥ 3 |
• Poor performance on Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity | |
• Poor visual acuity |