Table 1 Stimulation and Stereotactic Surgical Causes of PBA
From: Pseudobulbar laughter as a levodopa off phenomenon exacerbated by subthalamic deep brain stimulation
Study | n | Age (years) | Anatomical location | Stimulation parameters | On/OFF levodopa | Pseudobulbar affect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Okun et al. [6] | 1 | 46 | Left subthalamic nucleus | Monopolar stimulation: | OFF | Crying |
1.5Â V, 90Â ÎĽs, 130Hz | ||||||
Krack et al. [7] | 2 | 47 | Bilateral Subthalamic nucleus | Monopolar Stimulation: | NA | Mirthful Laughter |
3.6Â V/90Â ÎĽs/160Hz | ||||||
54 | Right Subthalamic nucleus | Monopolar Stimulation: | NA | Mirthful Laughter | ||
5.0–5.5 V/60 μs/130Hz | ||||||
Low et al. [8] | 1 | 48 | Bilateral subthalamic nucleus | Monopolar stimulation: | OFF | Crying |
0.5Â V/60Â ÎĽs/130Hz | ||||||
Bipolar stimulation: | ||||||
>1.0Â V/60Â ÎĽs/130Hz | ||||||
Okun et al. [11] | 1 | 46 | Right ventral intermedius nucleus (VIM) | Thalamotomy | NA | Laughter |